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|image =240px |caption = Sahrawi man |poptime=disputed/uncertain (230,000〔(Western Sahara? ) 30-days.net〕–1,000,000) |region1 = |region2= |pop2 = 30,000〔–247,000〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Saharawi in Western Sahara )〕 |region3 = |pop3 = 90,000〔(Morocco overview-Minorities-Saharawis ) World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples〕–221,000〔(Saharawi of Morocco ) Joshua Project〕 |region4 = |pop4 = 90,000 (UNHCR claim) to 165,000 (Algerian claim) refugees in the Sahrawi refugee camps at Tindouf〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=2012 UNHCR country operations profile – Algeria )〕–184,000〔(Saharawi of Algeria ) Joshua Project〕 |region5 = |pop5 = 26,000 (Refugees)〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/mauritania.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=UNHCR Global Report 2009 – Mauritania, UNHCR Fundraising Reports )〕 |region6 = |region7 = |pop7 = 3,000–12,000〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=La migracion saharaui en Espana. Estrategias de visibilidad en el tercer tiempo del exilio ) Page 52, Note 88:"Actualmente es imposible aportar cifras exactas sobre el número de saharauis instalados en el país, ya que no existen datos oficiales elaborados por la administración española o por las autoridades saharauis. A través de la información recogida durante el trabajo de campo de la tesis se calculó su número entre 10.000–12.000 personas, instaladas de preferencia en la costa mediterránea (Cataluña, Comunidad Valenciana, Murcia y Andalucía), Islas Canarias, País Vasco y Extremadura" 〕 |rels=Sunni Islam (Maliki), Sufism |langs=Hassaniya Arabic (native), Berber languages (native), Modern Standard Arabic (written only), and Spanish |related=Berbers, Moors, Arabs }} The Sahrawi people ((アラビア語:صحراويون) '; Berber: '; Moroccan Arabic: ; (スペイン語:Saharaui)) are the people living in the western part of the Sahara desert which includes Western Sahara (claimed by the Polisario and mostly controlled by Morocco), other parts of southern Morocco not claimed by the Polisario, most of Mauritania, and the extreme southwest of Algeria. As with most Saharan peoples living in the Sahara, the Sahrawi culture is mixed. It shows mainly Berber-Tuareg characteristics, like the privileged position of women identical to the neighboring Berber-speaking Tuaregs—and some additional Bedouin Arab and black African characteristics. Sahrawis are composed of many tribes and are largely speakers of the Hassaniya dialect of Arabic, and some of them still speak Berber in both of Morocco's disputed and non-disputed territories. == Etymology == The Arabic word ' literally means "Someone from the Desert". In other language it is pronounced in similar or different ways: * Berber: ''Aseḥrawi'' or ''Aneẓrofan'' * English: ''Sahrawi'' or ''Saharawi'' * French: ''Sahraoui'' * Italian: ''Saharaui'', ''Sahraui'',〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ufficio delle pubblicazioni — Manuale interistituzionale di convenzioni redazionali — Allegato A5 — Elenco degli Stati, dei territori e delle monete )〕 ''Sahrawi'' or ''Saharawi'' * Portuguese: ''Saarauís''〔http://www.priberam.pt/DLPO/saarau%C3%AD〕 * Spanish: ''Saharaui'' (''saharauita'') ==Early history== Nomadic Berbers, mainly of the Senhaja / Zenaga tribal confederation, inhabited the areas now known as Western Sahara, southern Morocco, Mauritania and southernwestern Algeria, before Islam arrived in the 8th century AD. The new faith was spread by Berbers themselves, and Arab immigration in the first centuries of Islamic expansion was minimal. It is not known when the camel was introduced to the region (probably in the first or second millennium BC), but it revolutionized the traditional trade routes of North Africa. Berber caravans transported salt, gold and slaves between North Africa and West Africa, and the control of trade routes became a major ingredient in the constant power struggles between various tribes and sedentary peoples. On more than one occasion, the Berber tribes of present-day Mauritania, Morocco and Western Sahara would unite behind religious leaders to sweep the surrounding governments from power, then founding principalities, dynasties, or even vast empires of their own. This was the case with the Berber Almoravid dynasty of Morocco and Andalusia, and several emirates in Mauritania. In the 11th century, the Arab bedouin tribes of the Beni Hilal and Beni Sulaym emigrated westwards from Egypt to the Maghreb region. In the early 13th century, the Yemeni Maqil tribes migrated westwards across the entirety of Arabia and northern Africa, to finally settle around present-day Morocco. They were badly received by the Zenata Berber descendants of the Merinid dynasty, and among the tribes pushed out of the territory, were the Beni Hassan. This tribe entered the domains of the Sanhaja, and over the following centuries imposed itself upon them, intermixing with the population in the process. Berber attempts to shake off the rule of Arab warrior tribes occurred sporadically, but assimilation gradually won out, and after the failed Char Bouba uprising (1644–74), the Berber tribes would virtually without exception embrace Arab or Muslim culture and even claim Arab heritage.〔http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+mr0017)〕 The Arabic dialect of the Beni Hassan, Hassaniya, remains the mother-tongue of Mauritania and Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara to this day, and is also spoken in southern Morocco and western Algeria, among affiliated tribes. Berber vocabulary and cultural traits remain common, despite the fact that many if not all of the Sahrawi/Moorish tribes today claim Arab ancestry; several are even claiming to be descendants of Muhammad, so-called sharifian tribes (pl. ''shorfa'' or ''chorfa''). The modern ethnic group is thus mainly Berber with Arabs as an additional ethnicity whose cultural volume is bigger than its genetic one. The people inhabits the westernmost Sahara desert, in the area of modern Mauritania, Morocco, Western Sahara, and parts of Algeria. (Some tribes would also traditionally migrate into northern Mali and Niger, or even further along the Saharan caravan routes.) As with most Saharan peoples, the tribes reflect a highly mixed heritage, combining Berber, Arab, and other influences, including black African ethnic and cultural characteristics. The latter were primarily acquired through mixing with Wolouf, Soninke and other populations of the southern Sahel, and through the acquisition of slaves by wealthier nomad families. In pre-colonial times, the Sahara was generally considered ''Blad Essiba'' or "the land of dissidence" by the Moroccan central government and Sultan of Morocco in Fez, and by the authorities of the Deys of Algiers. The governments of the pre-colonial sub-Saharan empires of Mali and Songhai appear to have had a similar relationship with the tribal territories, which were once the home of undisciplined raiding tribes and the main trade route for the Saharan caravan trade. Central governments had little control over the region, although the Hassaniya tribes would occasionally extended "''beya''" or allegiance to prestigious rulers, to gain their political backing or, in some cases, as a religious ceremony. The Moorish populations of today's north Mauritania established a number of emirates, claiming the loyalty of several different tribes and through them exercising semi-sovereignty over traditional grazing lands. This could be considered the closest thing to centralized government that was ever achieved by the Hassaniya tribes, but even these emirates were weak, conflict-ridden and rested more on the willing consent of the subject tribes than on any capacity to enforce loyalty.〔()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sahrawi people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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